İstanbul Basını'nda Büyük Kabine, 21 Temmuz 1912-23 Ocak 1913 / İbrahim Tavukçu ; tez danışmanı Vahdet Keleşyılmaz.
Yer Numarası
B.I/7433
Dil Kodu
Türkçe
Yazar
Yayın Bilgisi
2012.
Fiziksel Niteleme
vi, 260 y. ; 29 cm.
Tez Notu
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Yakınçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı, 2012.
Bibliyografi, vb. Notu
Bibliyografya y. 237-247.
Özet, vb.
► II. Meşruiyet'in ilanı Türk siyasal hayatından büyük değişikleri, yenilikleri berberinde getirmiştir. Bu yeni edinimlerin en önemlisi şüphesiz anayasal rejimdir. Mutlak monarşiden, anayasal monarşiye geçilmesi ile birlikte devlet yönetiminde daha önce hiç denenmemiş olan bir sisteme kabine sistemine geçilmiştir. Bu sistemde iktidar, padişah'ın ve meclisin ortak gücüdür. Meşrutiyet hayatı boyunca meclis, demokratik rejimlerin gereği olarak kabinelerin denetim mekanizması olarak görev yapmış, iktidar- muhalefet ilişkilerini işletmiştir.
1908-1913 yılları arasındaki 5 yıllık kısa bir sürede 9 Kabine kurulmuş ve yıkılmıştır. 22 Temmuz 1912'de iş başına gelen Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Paşa'nın sadrazamlık görevini üstlendiği, Kamil Paşa'nın Şurayı devlet Reisi olarak görev aldığı Büyük kabine, meşrutiyetin döneminin en büyük kabinelerinden biridir. Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Paşa'nın oğlu Mahmut Muhtar Paşa'nın bu kabinede bahriye nazırı olarak görev alması nedeni ile "Baba- oğul" kabinesi olarak da anılan bu kabine büyük ümitlerle iş başına gelmişti. Büyük Kabine iktidara geldiğinde, Osmanlı devleti dahili ve harici bir çok problemle karşı karşıya kalmıştı. Dahilde İttihat Terakki Cemiyeti aleyhtarlığı ciddi boyutlara varmış, cemiyetin devlet işlerine sürekli müdahil olmaya çalışan tavrı, bazı çevreler tarafından şiddetle eleştirilmeye başlanmıştı. Cemiyetin bu tavrına karşılık bütün muhalif kesimler 1911 yılında Hürriyet ve İtilaf Partisi adı altından toplanmıştı. İttihat Terakki ve Hürriyet İtilaf Fırkası arasındaki parti çekişmeleri toplusal gerilimi tırmandırmakta bu durum toplumsal anarşiyi tetiklemekteydi.Hariçte ise Arnavutluk isyanı bütün sıcaklığı ile gündemdeki yerini korumakta idi. Öte yandan Hakkı Paşa kabinesi zamanında başlayan Trablusgarp savaşı da devam etmekteydi. Böyle bir ortamda "Tarafsızlık" ve "Barış" parolaları ile Gazi Ahmet Paşa İktidara geldi. Büyük Kabine'nin iktidarı, toplumsal gerilimi düşüremedi.İttihatçıların yönetimden uzaklaştırılmaya çalışılması,devletin önemli kadrolarından ittihatçıların tasfiye edilmesi, iktidara karşı cemiyetin muhalefete geçmesine sebebiyet verdi. Hariçte ise Arnavutlara önemli bazı ayrıcalıklar tanınmasına rağmen, Arnavutluk 1912'de bağımsızlığını ilan etti. Trablusgarp savaşı kaybedilerek Uşi anlaşması ile Trablusgarp İtalyanlara bırakıldı. Dahası dış politikasını "Barış" ilkesi üzerine kuran büyük kabine, Balkan savaşlarının çıkmasını engelleyememişti. Balkan savaşlarında Osmanlı ordusunun kısa sürede büyük mağlubiyetler alması üzerine, Kamil Paşa, Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Paşa'nın yerine geçmiş ise de savaşlarda arzu edilen başarı sağlanamamış, Bulgarlar Edirne önlerine kadar gelerek şehri kuşatma altına almışlardı. Böyle bir ortamda, Düvel-i Muazzama devletleri Edirne'nin Bulgaristan' a terk edilmesini öngören bir nota'yı 17 ocak 1913'te Osmanlı Devleti'ne vermişlerdi. 22 Ocak 1913'te saltanat şurasında nota ele alınmış ve Nota'ya verilecek cevap kararlaştırılmıştı. 23 Ocak 1913'te, Kamil Paşa'nın başkanlığındaki devlet ricali Babıali de Düvel-i Muazzama'ya verilecek cevabi nota’yı yazdıkları sırada İttihatçılar, Kamil Paşa'nın Edirne'yi Bulgarlara terk ettiğini ileri sürerek Babıali'yi bastılar. Harbiye Nazırı Nazım Paşa'yı öldürerek kanlı bir darbe ile hükümeti devirdiler. Kamil Paşa'nın zorla istifa ettirilmesiyle birlikte adı gibi büyük beklentiler ile birlikte iş başına gelen fakat kendisinden bekleneni yerine getiremeyen Büyük Kabine yıkılmıştır.
► The declaration of second constitution has brought with major changes and innovations in Turkish political life. Undoubtedly the most important acquirement was constitutional regime. By passing from Absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, cabinet system was introduced as a new system that has never been tested before. Sultan and the parliament were ruling together in this system. Throughout constitutional life of it the parliament served as a mechanism of control cabinets in accordance with democratic regimes, the ruling-opposition relations has operated. Nine cabinets were constructed and collapsed in a short period of Five years in between 1908-1913. July 22 1912, as per job undertaken by the Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha, grand vizier, Kamil Pasha, parliament speaker, the Grand cabinet was served as the Head of State, was also one of the largest cabinets along the Constitutional Monarchy period. Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha's son, being a part of the cabinet as Minister of the Navy. Thus, the cabinet was called "Father-son" cabinet and acceded with great hope. When the Grand Cabinet came to power, the Ottoman Empire faced a lot of problems internally and externally. Society of Union and Progress had serious opposition inwardly, constantly intervening in state affairs, trying to be the attitude of society, began to be criticized severely by some circles. In this attitude all the dissident segments of the society had gathered under the name of Freedom and Entente Party in 1911. The conflict in between Freedom and Entente Party and the party of Union and Progress escalated tension and this revolted social anarchy in the society. By the time, Albanian rebellion maintained its place on the agenda with its all temperature. On the other hand, Tripoli war continued which started during the Hakki Pasha’s cabinet. In such time, Gazi Ahmet Pasha Came to power with the words “Neutrality” and “Peace”. Grand Cabinet Government could not reduce the social tension. Supporters of the Union and the progressive removal of government, cadres of supporters of the Union and the progressive liquidation of the state, caused community to side oppose the government. In outward, despite the recognition of some important privileges of Albanians, Albania declared its independents in 1912. The war of Tripoli was lost and made the Tripoli agreement with Italy by giving them Tripoli. Moreover, the grand cabinet who founded the foreign policy on “peace” could not prevent emergence of Balkan War. As soon as upon receiving the biggest defeat of the Ottoman army in the Balkan wars even though Kamil Pasha commandeered the wars instead of Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha he could not achieved the desired success. The Bulgarians had came near to Edirne and taken the city under siege. In such environment, The Entente Powers has given Ottoman state a memorandum which required leaving City of Edirne to Bulgaria in January 17 1913. It was discussed and decided how to answer that memorandum in Council of the Sultanate. In January 23 1913, when the State Council gathering to write the answer of the memorandum headed by Kamil Pasha they were surrounded by supporter of unions and progress. Rebellions asserted that Kamil Pasha left The City of Edirne to Bulgaria and overthrew the government with bloody coup by killing the minister of war. Kamil Pasha, maintained by force the resignation with great expectations as the name of the business alone but could not fulfill what is expected from him. Then the Great Cabinet collapsed.
► The declaration of second constitution has brought with major changes and innovations in Turkish political life. Undoubtedly the most important acquirement was constitutional regime. By passing from Absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, cabinet system was introduced as a new system that has never been tested before. Sultan and the parliament were ruling together in this system. Throughout constitutional life of it the parliament served as a mechanism of control cabinets in accordance with democratic regimes, the ruling-opposition relations has operated. Nine cabinets were constructed and collapsed in a short period of Five years in between 1908-1913. July 22 1912, as per job undertaken by the Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha, grand vizier, Kamil Pasha, parliament speaker, the Grand cabinet was served as the Head of State, was also one of the largest cabinets along the Constitutional Monarchy period. Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha's son, being a part of the cabinet as Minister of the Navy. Thus, the cabinet was called "Father-son" cabinet and acceded with great hope. When the Grand Cabinet came to power, the Ottoman Empire faced a lot of problems internally and externally. Society of Union and Progress had serious opposition inwardly, constantly intervening in state affairs, trying to be the attitude of society, began to be criticized severely by some circles. In this attitude all the dissident segments of the society had gathered under the name of Freedom and Entente Party in 1911. The conflict in between Freedom and Entente Party and the party of Union and Progress escalated tension and this revolted social anarchy in the society. By the time, Albanian rebellion maintained its place on the agenda with its all temperature. On the other hand, Tripoli war continued which started during the Hakki Pasha’s cabinet. In such time, Gazi Ahmet Pasha Came to power with the words “Neutrality” and “Peace”. Grand Cabinet Government could not reduce the social tension. Supporters of the Union and the progressive removal of government, cadres of supporters of the Union and the progressive liquidation of the state, caused community to side oppose the government. In outward, despite the recognition of some important privileges of Albanians, Albania declared its independents in 1912. The war of Tripoli was lost and made the Tripoli agreement with Italy by giving them Tripoli. Moreover, the grand cabinet who founded the foreign policy on “peace” could not prevent emergence of Balkan War. As soon as upon receiving the biggest defeat of the Ottoman army in the Balkan wars even though Kamil Pasha commandeered the wars instead of Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha he could not achieved the desired success. The Bulgarians had came near to Edirne and taken the city under siege. In such environment, The Entente Powers has given Ottoman state a memorandum which required leaving City of Edirne to Bulgaria in January 17 1913. It was discussed and decided how to answer that memorandum in Council of the Sultanate. In January 23 1913, when the State Council gathering to write the answer of the memorandum headed by Kamil Pasha they were surrounded by supporter of unions and progress. Rebellions asserted that Kamil Pasha left The City of Edirne to Bulgaria and overthrew the government with bloody coup by killing the minister of war. Kamil Pasha, maintained by force the resignation with great expectations as the name of the business alone but could not fulfill what is expected from him. Then the Great Cabinet collapsed.
Dil Notu
Türkçe özet y. 257-258.
İngilizce özet y. 259-260.
İngilizce özet y. 259-260.
Konu
Emeği Geçenler
Keleşyılmaz, Vahdet, Prof. Dr., tez danışmanı.
