Gupta tarihi ve kültürü / Müslüme Melis Çeliktaş ; tez danışmanı Saadettin Yağmur Gömeç.
Yer Numarası
B.I/7446
Dil Kodu
Türkçe
Yazar
Yayın Bilgisi
2015.
Fiziksel Niteleme
xxiv, 260 y. : resim (çoğu renkli), tıpkıbasım, harita, şema ; 29 cm.
Tez Notu
Tez (Doktora) -- Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih (Genel Türk Tarihi) Ana Bilim Dalı.
Bibliyografi, vb. Notu
Bibliyografya y. 227-249.
Özet, vb.
► Kaynakları incelediğimizde varlıkları çok eski dönemlere gitse de, I. Çandragupta ile tarih sahnesine çıkan Gupta Devletinin anayurdunun, günümüzdeki Kuzey Hindistan'daki Uttar Pradeş eyaletini içine alan "Aşağı Doab" bölgesi olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. I. Çandragupta'nın güçlü ve çok kısa bir süre içinde devletinin sınırlarını genişletmesinin en büyük nedeni, söz konusu dönemde geniş topraklara hâkim olan Licchavi kralının kızı ile yaptığı evliliği görülmektedir. Daha sonraki çağlarda ise bu evliliklerin Guptalar için bir devlet politikası haline geldiği ortadadır. M.S. 330-335 yılları arasında, I. Çandragupta'nın vefatından sonra tahta Licchavi prensesi Kumaradevī'den olan oğlu Samudragupta çıktı. Kimi ilim adamları bu dönemde tahta Kācha adlı bir hükümdarın oturduğunu söylerken kimilerine göre de o, Samudragupta'ya verilen bir unvan idi. Başarılı bir hükümdar olan Samudragupta, sayısız askeri galibiyetleri sayesinde devletin sınırlarını genişleterek bir imparatorluk kurdu. M.S. 375-415 yılları arasında tahta çıkan II. Çandragupta da Nāga sülalesinden bir kadınla evlenerek devletin sınırlarını daha büyük bir alana yaydı. II. Çandragupta dönemine ait pek çok yazıt mevcuttur. Dolayısıyla onun zamanı diğerlerine göre daha aydınlıktır. II. Çandragupta'nın vefatından sonra tahta geçen kişi hakkında farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Bazı ilim adamları tahta I. Kumāragupta'nın geçtiğini söylerken, kimileri de tahtın sahibinin Govindagupta olduğunu iddia eder. Ancak Govindagupta ismine Gupta tarihinde çok fazla rastlanılmıyor. Barış ve zenginlik içinde geçen I. Kumāragupta'nın döneminden sonra ise tahta Skandagupta çıktı. O, yönetimi ele aldığında Gupta devleti pek çok saldırı ile karşı karşıya kaldı. Bu sıralarda onun en güçlü rakibi Hūṇalar yani Ak Hunlar idi. Skandagupta ilk hükümdarlık yıllarında Ak Hunlara karşı ciddi mücadeleler verdi ve bunlar Cunagadh Yazıtına kaydedildi. Skandagupta'nın ölümünden sonra ise kardeşler arasında taht kavgaları yeniden alevlendi ve bu durum imparatorluğun çöküşünü hızlandırdı. Tüm bu mücadelelerin ardından tahta çıkmayı başaran Vainyagupta bir süreliğine de olsa devletini toparlamaya çalıştı, ancak bunu başaramadı. Vainyagupta'dan sonra Gupta yönetimini Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya devraldı. Onun tahtta bulunduğu sürede bir yandan Ak Hun hükümdarı Mihirakula, bir yandan da Vākātaka kralı Harishena'nın akınları yoğun bir şekilde devam etti. Bu savaşlar sırasında Ak Hun hükümdarı Mihirakula'nın Buddhistlere kötü davrandığı ve onları yok etmek istedikleri bilgisine ulaşan Bālāditya çok sinirlenip ordusunu da arkasına katarak Mihirakula'yı ele geçirmesi, o dönemde Hindistan topraklarında bulunan Çinli Hacı Hsüan Tsang tarafından kaydedilmiştir. Fakat, kimi ilim adamları Mihirakula'yı yenilgiye uğratan kişinin Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya değil, Yasodharman olduğunu öne sürüyor. Zira Gupta tarihinde bu dönem karışık olsa da Mihirakula'yı yenilgiye uğratanın Yasodharman olduğu kuvvetle muhtemeldir çünkü Yasodharman'a ait Mandasor Yazıtı'nda bu olay kayıtlıdır. Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya'nın çağında iyice zayıflayan Gupta imparatorluğunun başına sonra III. Kumāragupta, ardından da Vishṇugupta geçti. Ancak tüm çabalara rağmen Gupta imparatorluğunun çöküşü engellenemedi. Zaten buhranlı bir dönem yaşadığı çağlarda, güçlü hükümdarların olmaması, bunların devlet hazinelerini yıpratmaları, küçük krallıkların ve özellikle onlar için en büyük tehlikeyi teşkil eden Ak Hun taarruzlarının sonucunda Gupta devleti yavaş yavaş tarih sahnesinden çekildi ve söz konusu topraklarda Maurikalar, Pushyabhutiler onların varisleri olarak varlıklarını sürdürdü. Gupta dönemine "Hindistan’ın Altın Çağı" denilmektedir. Bunun en büyük nedeni özellikle Gupta hükümdarlarından II. Çandragupta ve I. Kumāragupta zamanlarında ilim ve kültür alanında yapılan yeniliklerdir. Söz konusu devire damgasını vuran bu faaliyetlerin başında Hinduizm'in yükselişi ile din, kutsal metinler olan Purāṇaların derlenmesi ile gelişen dil ve edebiyat, yeni buluşlar ile ortaya çıkan matematik, astronomi, kimya bilimleri ve yeni bir tarz ile oluşturulan Gupta mimarisi ve heykeller gelmektedir.
► The homeland of the Gupta State which came out to the historical scene with Çandragupta I, although its existence dates back to very old periods when sources are examined, is presumed to be "Lower Doab" region which includes Uttar Pradesh province in present day North India. The most important cause for the power of Çandragupta I. and rapid expansion of his state's borders is seen to be the marriage he made with the daughter of Licchavi King who dominated vast amount of land in the aforementioned period. In the later periods, it has become evident that these marriages became a state policy for the Guptas. Between 330-335 B.C., after the death of Çandragupta I., his son with Licchavi Princess Kumaradevī, Samudragupta came to the throne. While some scientists report that an emperor named Kācha came to the throne in this period, according to some this was a title given to Samudragupta. Samudragupta who was a successful emperor expanded the borders of his state and founded an empire. Çandragupta II also expanded the state borders further by marrying a woman from the Nāga dynasty. Many inscriptions belonging to the period of Çandragupta II. exist. Therefore his period is more clear compared to the others. Different opinions exist about the person who ascended the throne after Çandragupta II.'s death. While some scientists report that Kumāragupta I. Ascended the throne, some others claim that the successor to the throne was Govindagupta. However the name Govindagupta is not seen very frequently in Gupta history. After the Kumāragupta I. period which lasted in peace and wealth, Skandagupta ascended to the throne. After the started to rule, the Gupta state was faced with many attacks. In these periods, their most powerful rivals were the Huns or the White Huns. In the first years of his rule, Skandagupta struggled seriously against the White Huns and these were recorded in the Cunagadh inscription. After Skandagupta's death, the fights for the throne between brothers grew violent again and accelerated the collapse of the empire. Vainyagupta tried to pull up his state for some time but he could not succeed. After Vainyagupta, Narasiühagupta Bālāditya took over the rule of the Gupta state. During his reign, attacks from both Mihirakula the White Hun Emperor and the Vākātaka king Harishena continued intensively. During these struggles, it has been reported by the Chinese pilgrim Hsüan Tsang that Bālāditya conquered Mihirakula with his army in rage after hearing about the bad treatment of White Hun Emperor against the Buddhists and that he wanted to kill them. However, some scientists claim that the person who defeated Mihirakula was not Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya but Yasodharman since this event is recorded in the Mandasor inscription. First Kumāragupta III., Vishṇugupta came to the throne of the Gupta Empire which had significantly weakened during the Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya rule. However, despite all efforts, the collapse could not be prevented. Based on the factors that there was not a powerful emperor during the turbulent times and the existing ones weakened the treasury, and as a result of the White Hun attacks which was the most important danger facing them, the Gupta Empire slowly diminished from the historical scene and Maurikas and Pushyabhutis carried on their existence in their land as their sucessors. The Gupta period is called the "Golden Age of India". The most important reason for this are the innovations made in science and culture during the reigns of Gupta Emperors, II. Çandragupta II. and Kumāragupta I. Most important of these activities which left their mark on the period are the rise of Hinduism ; language and literature which flourished as a result of the gathering of the religious texts Purāṇas ; mathematics, astronomy, chemistry which came forward with innovations and the Gupta architecture and sculpture which developed a new style.
► The homeland of the Gupta State which came out to the historical scene with Çandragupta I, although its existence dates back to very old periods when sources are examined, is presumed to be "Lower Doab" region which includes Uttar Pradesh province in present day North India. The most important cause for the power of Çandragupta I. and rapid expansion of his state's borders is seen to be the marriage he made with the daughter of Licchavi King who dominated vast amount of land in the aforementioned period. In the later periods, it has become evident that these marriages became a state policy for the Guptas. Between 330-335 B.C., after the death of Çandragupta I., his son with Licchavi Princess Kumaradevī, Samudragupta came to the throne. While some scientists report that an emperor named Kācha came to the throne in this period, according to some this was a title given to Samudragupta. Samudragupta who was a successful emperor expanded the borders of his state and founded an empire. Çandragupta II also expanded the state borders further by marrying a woman from the Nāga dynasty. Many inscriptions belonging to the period of Çandragupta II. exist. Therefore his period is more clear compared to the others. Different opinions exist about the person who ascended the throne after Çandragupta II.'s death. While some scientists report that Kumāragupta I. Ascended the throne, some others claim that the successor to the throne was Govindagupta. However the name Govindagupta is not seen very frequently in Gupta history. After the Kumāragupta I. period which lasted in peace and wealth, Skandagupta ascended to the throne. After the started to rule, the Gupta state was faced with many attacks. In these periods, their most powerful rivals were the Huns or the White Huns. In the first years of his rule, Skandagupta struggled seriously against the White Huns and these were recorded in the Cunagadh inscription. After Skandagupta's death, the fights for the throne between brothers grew violent again and accelerated the collapse of the empire. Vainyagupta tried to pull up his state for some time but he could not succeed. After Vainyagupta, Narasiühagupta Bālāditya took over the rule of the Gupta state. During his reign, attacks from both Mihirakula the White Hun Emperor and the Vākātaka king Harishena continued intensively. During these struggles, it has been reported by the Chinese pilgrim Hsüan Tsang that Bālāditya conquered Mihirakula with his army in rage after hearing about the bad treatment of White Hun Emperor against the Buddhists and that he wanted to kill them. However, some scientists claim that the person who defeated Mihirakula was not Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya but Yasodharman since this event is recorded in the Mandasor inscription. First Kumāragupta III., Vishṇugupta came to the throne of the Gupta Empire which had significantly weakened during the Narasiṃhagupta Bālāditya rule. However, despite all efforts, the collapse could not be prevented. Based on the factors that there was not a powerful emperor during the turbulent times and the existing ones weakened the treasury, and as a result of the White Hun attacks which was the most important danger facing them, the Gupta Empire slowly diminished from the historical scene and Maurikas and Pushyabhutis carried on their existence in their land as their sucessors. The Gupta period is called the "Golden Age of India". The most important reason for this are the innovations made in science and culture during the reigns of Gupta Emperors, II. Çandragupta II. and Kumāragupta I. Most important of these activities which left their mark on the period are the rise of Hinduism ; language and literature which flourished as a result of the gathering of the religious texts Purāṇas ; mathematics, astronomy, chemistry which came forward with innovations and the Gupta architecture and sculpture which developed a new style.
Dil Notu
Türkçe özet y. 221-223.
İngilizce özet y. 224-226.
İngilizce özet y. 224-226.
Konu
Emeği Geçenler
Gömeç, Saadettin Yağmur, Prof. Dr., tez danışmanı.
