Confidential U.S. state department central files [mikroform] : Palestine United Nations activities, 1945-1949 : Decimal numbers 501.BB Palestine and 501.MA Palestine.
Confidential U.S. state department central files
Dil Kodu
İngilizce
Yer Numarası
M/0323-5
Eser Adının Farklı Biçimi
Palestine United activities, 1945-1949
Yayın Bilgisi
Frederick, MD : University Puclications of America (UPA), [t.y.]
Fiziksel Niteleme
1 mikrofilm makarası (1012 poz) : pozitif ; 35 mm.
Genel Not
Bu seri 14 makaradan oluşmaktadır.
Bibliyografi, vb. Notu
Mikrofilmin indeksi A.VIII/2032 yer numarasında kayıtlıdır.
İçindekiler Notu
► International conferences cont. -- 0001 : When Arab invasion is reported, Jewish agency appeals to security council to intervene in Palestine. The report proves to be false. Arabs flee Jewish Palestine. British send army units and Royal Marine Commandos back to Palestine. Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech-Jones of Britain advises Political committee to put aside plans for trusteeship, because UN will not be able to act on it before May 15, and that there will be no permanent solution without lull in fighting or victory for one side. He proposes that UN set up temporary "neutral territory" to maintain administrative and public services. Arabs say there will be no Arab invasion of Palestine; Arabs will be present to keep law and order. Arab League and Jewish Agency reject compromise which called for oneyear UN trusteeship and extension of mandate to May 25. Political Committee votes to have subcommittee draft plan using British colonial secretary Arthur Creech-Jones's suggestions. International Red Cross offers to administer Jerusalem as neutral zone if both Arabs and Jews invite organization. UN Consular truce committee goes to Amman, Transjordan, to talk with King Abdullah. There is speculation that the king will only invade Arab Palestine. Jewish Legislature Council meets. David Ben-Gurion reports 150,000 Arabs have left homes, but Jews have not lost a single settlement. Irgun claims to have captured Yehudia, which commands road between Tel Aviv, Palestine, and the Lydda airfield. Stern Group proclaims resumption of war against British due to addition of British troops. Haganah in Upper Galilee, Palestine, claims Arab resistance is crushed in North. Safad, capital of Upper Galilee, almost has been deserted by Arabs and is now controlled by Jews. Sarona, suburb of Tel Aviv, Palestine, is bought from mandate by Jewish National Fund and Tel Aviv municipal government to serve as capital of Jewish state. Political Committee adopts French working paper which calls for speedy decisions on howtostop Arab and Jewish military operations. Decisions have to be made concerning organization and duration of temporary authority, Jewish immigration situation, and extent of Arab and Jewish autonomy. Jewish Agency warns U.S. not to denounce partition. If U.S. denounces partition, Jews will demand all of Holy Land. In subcommittee session, Soviet Union claims there are no legal grounds for suspension of partition plan. Soviet Union announces it will recognize Arab state. Arab league holds meeting to discuss invasion plans. King Abdullah of Transjordan says he will invade Palestine whether or not Arab League accepts armistice. General assembly plans to establish trusteeship over Jerusalem. British high commissioner will select commissioner acceptable to both Jews and Arabs. Haganah is redesignated as Jewish state army. Report states that 200 planes and 150,000 immigrants will start moving from Europe to Jewish Palestine May 15. Letter bomb in England kills the brother of Roy Farran, who was acquitted
in 1947 of murder of Sternist youth. Britain notifies UN that a commissioner can not be found. U.S. criticizes British for lack of cooperation with UN. British suggest that U.S., Belgium, and France-members of consular truce committee-be made nucleus of "neutral authority." British send 4,000 troops from Haifa, Palestine, to England. Negotiations among Arabs, Jews, and British in Jericho, Palestine,produce cease-fire order for Jerusalem. Jews say they will hold fire as long as Arabs do. Permanent agreement to make Jerusalem open city is stalled by Arab demand that Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway remain closed to Jewish
traffic. Britain tells UN it will protect British economic interests in Holy Land. Vicente J. Francisco of Philippines resigns from UN Commission on Palestine. Arab League declares war on Palestine Jews (called Jewish "rebels" by Arabs) and captures Etzion bloc. Britain offers Palestine all assistance except imposing by force a solution not acceptable to both sides. British high commissioner Alan Gordon Cunningham sails from Haifa, Palestine. Proclamation of State of Israel announced by Jewish National Council. Land held by Israel corresponds almost exactly to partition plan. U.S. government recognizes Israel but does not lift arms embargo. British leave Jerusalem. Despite British and UN efforts for truce, Arab-Jewish hostility continues. Israel says it is ready to defend itself. Heaviest fighting occurs west and south of Jerusalem. First Arab-Israeli War begins. (War of Independence is Jewish name.) Egypt invades Palestine and occupies Gaza.Lebanon claims to have captured Malikya, Israel. Syria claims patrols have been sent into Israel's Upper Galilee. UN adjourns after voting for Arab-Jewish mediation without repealing November 1947 partition plan. It also fails to pass new U.S. plan for trusteeship of Jerusalem. Harold Evans is appointed to hold "neutral mayorship." General Assembly is surprised by U.S. recognition. Arabs denounce recognition and call special session a fake. Andrei Gromyko of Soviet Union criticizes U.S. for putting UN in a ludicrous position. It is believed that President Truman wanted to recognize Israel before Soviet Union did. Egypt informs UN security council that it is ordering its army into Palestine. Jewish Agency pleads with Council to invoke all UN charter powers to check Arab "breach of peace."Guatemala recognizes Israel. Tel Aviv, Palestine, is under moderate air attack. Expiration of British mandate. Israeli government is installed in Tel Aviv, Palestine. New government offers peace to Arabs and guarantee of protection for minorities in Israel. Chaim Weizmann, ill in New York, is elected president of Israel. Israel's first 1,700 Jewish immigrants land at Tel Aviv and Haifa, Palestine. American general Lucius D. Clay promises in Frankfurt-on-the-Mainthat army would help all legal immigrants from displaced persons camps in Germany. Under King Abdullah's direction, armies of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria invade Israel. Israel applies to UN for admission. In U.S. cities, rallies are held protesting arms embargo on Israel.Israel captures Latrun, Palestine. Arab Legion of Transjordan seizes most of Jerusalem. Chaim Weizmann accepts presidency of Israel. Soviet Union recognizes Israel. Warren Austin, U.S. ambassador to UN, proposes resolution to council that Palestine situation is threat to peace. Security Council orders end of fighting within 36 hours. British Foreign Office announces that Palestine is no longer mandate, so Great Britain is not responsible for Arab Legion. British will continue to send treaty shipments of arms to Arabs unless UN decides that Arabs have acted illegally.UN truce efforts fail. International Red Cross operates in Palestine. Czechoslovakia, Poland, Uruguay, and Nicaragua recognize Israel. Israel gains Acre, an Arab city according to partition plan. International Refugee Organization stops helping refugees travel to Israel until new government is recognized by UN. U.S. proposes that sanctions or force be used against Arab states. British disagree. Most nations agree with Sir Alexander Cadogan that security council cannot commit itself to use a UN police force not yet in existence. Secretary of State George C. Marshall says that end of embargo would depend on security council actions. Israel seizes Ramleh, Palestine. Yugoslavia recognizes Israel. Council's consular truce committee in Jerusalem warns UN that only strong diplomatic or military pressure on Arab states will stop war. In security council session, Vasily A. Tarasenko of Ukraine says Britain should be declared a belligerent for supporting Arab League. Count Folke Bernadotte is named UN mediator. Israeli air force begins to attack Iraq's Transjordan positions in Lake Galilee. Lebanese authorities in Beirut take 61 Israel-bound passengers off an American steamer, Marine Carp, claiming they are Zionists of military age. Passengers include Americans and Canadians. U.S. demands that Americans be released from concentration camp and leave Lebanon. Truce committee pleads for large, powerful UN police force. Paris el-Khouri of Syria says UN should thank Arabs for taking care of local disturbance. Arabs set up civil regimes wherever they have advanced in Palestine. President Truman invites President Chaim Weizmann of Israel to White House. Chairman Styles Bridges of senate appropriations committee announces plans to investigate whether American economic aid enabled British to send military supplies to Arabs, a charge made by Zionists. UN calls for truce. Arabs say they will never negotiate with Israel. British foreign minister Ernest Bevin confers with U.S. ambassador Lewis W. Douglas in London. British want to maintain bulwark against Soviet expansion and communism and also safeguard oil resources. British are also concerned that U.S. might lift arms embargo. British propose truce plan. Arabs favor part of plan concerning embargo of men and arms. Major Aubrey S. Eban of Jewish Agency denounces plan as a scheme to allow Arabs to plan new attacks on Jews. Egyptians reach Bethlehem, Palestine. Earlier they had invaded Palestinian cities of Beersheba (May 20) and Hebron (May 21). Egyptian force is also reported in El Majdal, Palestine.Israeli air force supports Jewish ground forces in Jerusalem.Egypt attacks British airfield. Egypt and Israel battle in Gaza. Israel agrees to cease-fire on condition that Arabs also accept it. Lebanon refuses U.S.'s demands for release of Americans. Thomas C. Wasson, consul general in Jerusalem and a member of the UN Security Council's Truce Committee, dies from May 22 shooting.
Jews claim snipers responsible for shooting were Arabs. South Africa recognizes Israel. Israeli president Chaim Weizmann visits President Truman where Israeli president is given some hope that U.S. will lift embargo and grant loan. Arab League conference results in rejection of May 22 plea for truce. Arabs demand embargo on arms and men to Israel and propose that new Jewish government suspend operations. President and Mrs. Chaim Weizmann of Israel refuse to visit Britain in protest of British policies, although both are British subjects. Soviet Union opens diplomatic relations with Israel. Sir Alexander Cadogan denies Russian and Jewish charges that the British are running Arab Legion of Transjordan. British had ordered British officers on leave from Legion to withdraw from Palestine. However, they have no control over John Bagot Glubb, commander of Arab Legion, and 15 other Britons serving as Arab Legion officers. Israel claims to have solid hold on Syrian and Lebanese frontiers as result of 'The Broom" operation. In Jerusalem's old city, the long siege ends. King Abdullah of Transjordan lays down terms of surrender. Near Latrun, Palestine, Israeli army and Arab Legion clash. Israelis were trying to supply Jews in modern Jerusalem. UN Security Council makes its sixth attempt to halt war. Russian measure supported by U.S. would have ordered unconditional cease-fire on threat of economic sanctions or military intervention.Measure did not pass, and British resolution was favored. Resolution calls for four-week truce. There is a worldwide embargo of arms to entire Middle East, not only Palestine. No new immigrants can be recruited. Soldiers cannot be imported by Israel or Arabs. Holy shrines will be protected. Both sides must cooperate with Count Folke Bernadotte, UN mediator. Security council will consider action if either side rejects new appeal or violates truce. Israel dislikes new resolution. U.S. protests for second time the detention of 41 Americans from Marine Carp. Prime Minister Clement R. Attlee of Britain denies that there is an Anglo-U.S. rift over Palestine.Israel strikes Arab stronghold Tul Karm-Jenin-Nublus, northeast of Tel Aviv. There is a stalemate around Latrun, Palestine, in the struggle for the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem Road. UN truce talks impede Jerusalem fighting, May 1948.
► 0327 : Israel accepts truce plan under several assumptions: (1) embargo will prevent British from supplying Arabs with stores of British equipment located in the Arab states; (2) lines existing at moment of truce will be held; (3) Jews will be given normal civilian access to Jerusalem; (4) Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria would end efforts to blockade Israel; and (5) Israel will be free to admit any immigrant of any age, provided immigrant is not pressed into military service or training.Arab League meets in Amman, Transjordan, to consider UN truce appeal. City is under air raid. Arab League answers UN concerning truce plan. They make following points: (1) efforts should be made toward Arab-dominated state instead of toward making partition permanent; (2) continued Jewish immigration is threat to Arab countries; and (3) they would help Count Folke Bernadotte and Council's Truce Committee to supervise compliance with cease-fire. King Abdullah declares that Jewish state would never be accepted. Paris el-Khouri, Syrian delegate to UN, is told by the Security Council that both unconditional acceptances would allow Count Bernadotte to fix a time of cease-fire. British foreign minister Ernest Bevin says that Transjordan's Arab Legion had been invited to visit Arab Palestine; there was no invasion.Israel issues cease-fire order but resumes fighting later in the day. Israel is recognized by Hungary. Poland and Israel exchange diplomatic representatives. Egypt shells Caesarea, Algeria.British halt all deliveries of war materials to Arab states, including British stockpiles in Middle East. British also announce that no Jews will be allowed to leave Cyprus. Israel calls this announcement illegal.Former president of General Electric Gerard Swope refuses Award of Honorary Commander of Most Excellent Order of British Empire, in protest against British policy. Israeli warship and planes drive off three Egyptian vessels. Catholic priests of Latin patriarchate in Jerusalem charge that Israelis are turning church institutes into military bases, echoing a similar charge by Christian Union of Palestine. Israel challenges these charges. Franciscan priests announce plans to organize Holy Land militia of international volunteers to protect holy places.Count Folke Bernadotte is authorized to fix a time for cease-fire. Egyptian troops are trapped at Isdud. In a Security Council session, Soviet Union demands that it be allowed to furnish truce observers.Count Folke Bernadotte decides to select observers from U.S., Belgium, France, and Sweden. Count Folke Bernadotte obtains truce by giving ultimatum to Israel and Arab League: if immigration to Israel threatens Arabs, then immigration will be halted; no new troops or war materials will be moved into Palestine; only routine replacements along fronts will be allowed; both sides will suspend warlike actions; relief supplies to Jerusalem and Jaffa, Palestine, will be handled by International Red Cross. Israel and Arabs accept truce, but neither side is satisfied. Israel warns Lebanon not to seize Israel-bound cargoes as they have threatened: Israel would consider this action to be warlike. First truce is called for 30 days as result of UN mediation.At time of truce, Egyptian force is still besieged at Isdud.Latrun, Palestine, struggle is undecided. Jews hold western and southern Jerusalem. Observers report that 5,000 to 10,000 Jews and Arabs have been killed or wounded since May 15. Colonel David Marcus is killed while leading Haganah forces in Jerusalem battle a few hours before cease-fire. He was a member of U.S. delegations to the Teheran, Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta, and Potsdam conferences. Finland recognizes Israel. Rumania recognizes Israel. Arabs and Jews complain of cease-fire violations. Count Folke Bernadotte's organization of 68 observers, the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), is still being assembled. There are plans to hold talks in Rhodes, Greece, to attempt to settle war in four weeks. First Jewish immigrant ship since start of truce arrives in Tel Aviv,Palestine. Men of military age (18 to 45) are sent to Israeli refugee camp. Israel complains of Syrian attacks in eastern Galilee. Fighting fronts, however, are pronounced quiet. UN observers halt landing of 230 motortrucks at Tel Aviv, Palestine,to determine whether they are military imports. Because of embargo, Israel's factories are running overtime. UN Security Council rejects Russian demand that truce observers must come from all Council nations. Egypt charges that Israel fought past deadline to capture 11 villages in southern Palestine. Irgun announces that it has become a political party (Jewish Freedom Movement) in Israel, but that it would continue as an underground military group outside the Jewish state. On Count Folke Bernadotte's request and with Council's approval,UN secretary general Trygve Lie asks all UN and non-UN nations to furnish information concerning number of Jews fit for military service who have traveled to Israel. UN secretary general Trygve Lie recruits 50 volunteers from uniformed guard and other UN departments to be commanded by Lieutenant John Cosgrove. They are nicknamed "Lie's Legion" and "Cosgrove's Lancers." UN volunteers led by Lieutenant John Cosgrove depart for Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte arrives in Rhodes to begin negotiations with Arabs and Jews. Jewish Agency announces that 100 truckloads of fresh food will be sent daily to Jewish Jerusalem during truce. UN Truce Committee plans to inspect cargoes. Haganah learns that Irgun ammunition settlement has landed near Natanya.Israeli troops attack area. In Cairo King Abdullah of Transjordan calls for solidarity of Arab leaders. Irgun tries to land another arms cargo at Tel Aviv, Palestine.Haganah attacks Irgun and sets Altalena afire. James G. McDonald, who was on Anglo-American Palestine Inquiry Committee in 1946, is appointed President Truman's special representative to Israel.Israel names Eliahu Epstein to head Israel delegation to U.S. Menahem Beigin announces that Irgun no longer recognizes Israeli government; he calls David Ben-Gurion "a lunatic dictator." Rabbis Yehuda Leil Fishman and Moshe Shapiro resign from Israeli cabinet. Israeli legislative council gives David Ben-Gurion a vote of confidence for his defense of the truce. Rabbis Yehuda Leil Fishman and Moshe Shapiro withdraw their resignations.The government announces that Irgun rebellion is over. Golda Myerson (later Meir) is appointed by Israel as minister to Soviet Union. Soviet Union names Pavel Ivanovich Yershov as minister to Israel.Egyptian troops menace Jewish food convoy bound for Negba, Palestine. Egyptian pilot fires on UN observation plane.Count Folke Bernadotte wires UN that Egypt has violated truce, and gives Israel permission to fight in Negba. Israel charges that Egypt attacked Kfar Darom near Gaza.Harold Evans, UN neutral mayor of Jerusalem, returns to U.S., announcing he will help Count Folke Bernadotte. Venezuela recognizes Israel. Israeli government receives pledge of allegiance from new Zavah Itaganoh (Army of Defense). Irgun members are rounded up. Irgun promises to give up arms everywhere but Jerusalem. Count Folke Bernadotte submits new peace proposals to Arab League and Israeli government.Freda Kirchwey, president of Nation Associates, tells UN secretary general Trygve Lie and President Truman that King Farouk I of Egypt collaborated with Nazis. U.S. mail service resumes to Israel. Last British troops leave Palestine; Israeli flag goes up. Syria charges that U.S. warship shelled Arab lines at Bruwa, Palestine.Lebanon says charges are not true, June 1948.
► 0928 : Arab army, who never recognized truce, attacks Jews from Nazareth. Egypt allows Jewish food convoy to go to settlements in Negeb. At their meeting, Zionist Organization of America pledges support to Israel. In Nuremberg, expense account of German foreign minister shows that Haj Amin el Husseini, exiled mufti of Jerusalem, and Rashid Ali el Ghailani, former Iraqi premier, were entertained by Germans during World Warll. Count Folke Bernadotte meets with Arabs. Israeli government accuses British of hampering Israel's economic growth by blocking $400 million in Palestine sterling balances without negotiation. King Abdullah says Arabs will rely on arms. Both sides reject Count Bernadotte's peace plan, which called for union of Arab and the Jewish states in Palestine and Transjordan. Each state would have full control over internal and foreign affairs. Immigration would continue fortwo years, after which the Council would rule if economic capacity were being exceeded. Arabs declare that they will never recognize a Jewish state and talk of resuming war. Jews dislike Arab control of Jerusalem and a limit on immigration. Israel announces it is holding Peter Bergson, copresident of American League for a Free Palestine, on charge of "armed resistance" following Altalena incident. Count Folke Bernadotte proposes that Jerusalem and Haifa, Palestine, be given neutral status. Jews agree on demilitarization of Jerusalem, but reject a neutral Haifa. Arabs accept a neutral Haifa, but reject demilitarization of Jerusalem. After both sides' rejections, Bernadotte appeals to the UN Security Council.Dr. Emanuel Neumann is reelected president of Zionist Organization of America. Commandant Rene La Barriere, French officer attached to UN Truce Committee, is killed when his jeep strikes a land mine in Nazareth. UN Security Council appeals to both sides to extend truce. Arab delegation walks out when representative of Israel is seated. Stern Group executes Rosa Beiser on charges of spying for British and Arabs. Haganah convicts one of its air force officers of espionage for British. Irgun kidnaps five Britons on spying charges. Dr. Philip C. Jessup, U.S. representative from UN Security Council, says if Arabs reject truce extension, U.S. will support action against them. Syria replies that they are "ready to be killed by atomic bombs" and Russia. U.S. and French warships take 200 UN observers aboard at Haifa,Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte requests extension of truce, which Arabs reject and Jews accept. Arabs accuse Jews of violating truce, performing continued aggressions, smuggling arms and immigrants, burning Arab villages,and other atrocities. UN security council appeals for truce. Tel Aviv, Palestine, is bombed by Egyptian planes. Israel claims that Egypt struck before truce expired. Arabs and Jews shell Jerusalem. Arab League offers counter proposals to Bernadotte's earlier peace plans.Instead of federal state, Arabs want provisional unitary government which Arabs would control. Minorities would have rights, but new Jewish immigrants would be denied citizenship. Provisional Palestine administration is established, which will deal in essential services in Arab areas but will not be political. Israel uses tanks for first time, capturing the Lydda airfield and Arab Legion stronghold of Wilhelma. It is reported that 35,000 Arab troops and 40,000 Israeli troops are in Palestine. Israel claims that Egypt violated truce on July 7 and 8. An Egyptian order had been found, ordering troop movements. U.S. secretary of state George C. Marshall believes that Arabs are to blame, but he leaves matter to Council. Count Folke Bernadotte leaves Rhodes, Greece, to go to New York and report to UN. It is revealed that Count Bernadotte offered all of Arab Palestine to King Abdullah if he would favor a truce. A B-17 flying fortress of USAF veterans is forced down in Halifax, Nova Scotia. They refuse to give their destination and are sent back to New York. Count Folke Bernadotte reports to Council: Arabs oppose Jewish state and immigration; they will fight to the limit of their capacity; the Jews do not fear Arab threat. Therefore, UN has two alternatives: (1) make it unprofitable for Arabs to war against Jews; or (2) let two sides fight it out. British hold up subsidy payment to Legion pending outcome of UN Security Council debate. Jews capture Lydda and Ramie, Palestine. Fighting occurs in Jerusalem, Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte recommends that sanctions or force be used against any side that persists in waging war. Or. Philip C. Jessup of U.S., favoring Count Bernadotte's ideas, declares that Palestine war is threat to peace. He suggests an unconditional cease-fire within 24 hours in Jerusalem and a truce within three days in Palestine. Truce would continue until a peaceful adjustment was made. Restrictions would be placed on the number of fighting men and weapons. If any side rejects or violates truce, UN Security Council would take action. Norwegian member of UN guards is killed while escorting ambulances. Chief UN observer, Colonel Brunson, says there is complete disregard for UN flag. Jews control Rah el Ain, rail junction which controls Jerusalem, Palestine, water supply. Passengers from Marine Carp arrive in New York from Lebanon. En route to New York, 13 "jump ship."U.S. seizes two Constellations in Millville, New Jersey, forfearthey will be flown to Palestine. Light air raids transpire in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Jerusalem, all in Palestine; Cairo, Egypt; and Damascus, Syria. UN Security Council decides Palestine conflict is menace to world peace.Sanctions or force is threatened. It is the first time in UN history that council invokes article 39, chapter VII of charter. Partial blackout enforced in Egypt. Arabs and Israelis agree to cease-fire. Jews capture Nazareth. London report says Israel is importing German-model fighter planes from Czechoslovakia. Loy Henderson, former director of Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs in U.S. State Department, is appointed ambassador to India by President Truman.Zionists have called Henderson pro-Arab. Joseph Satterthwaite becomes new director of office. Before Jerusalem truce takes effect, Irgun and Stern Group combine to attack Arab-held old city. Fighting ceases in Jerusalem, Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte leaves for Middle East to resume mediation efforts. Arabs accept cease-fire but oppose indefinite truce. They make the following demands to UN: (1) a complete halt to Jewish immigration; (2) a return of 300,000 Palestinian Arab refugees to their homes in Israeli-held areas; and (3) a time limit to truce. Arabs protest truce outside palace of King Abdullah of Transjordan. The King tells them they should be in army rather than protesting. Arabs blow up pumping station in Latrun, Palestine, halting Jerusalem's water supply. Mob in Cairo, Egypt, stones Stephen Haas, American tourist, to death. Haas, Philadelphia realtor, was active in Jewish affairs but was in Cairo as tourist. B-17 which was forced down in Halifax, Nova Scotia, lands in the Azores. The crew is impounded and will not give their destination, but it is suspected to be Palestine. U.S. embassy protests death of Stephen Haas. Britain demands end to Egyptian attacks on British. It is reported that Israel has claimed possession of 810 square miles of Arab territory. Arabs hold 205 square miles of Jewish territory. Jews put oil refinery in Haifa, Palestine, into operation. Moshe Shertok, Jewish Agency, says Israel is prepared to give Arab countries free use of ports of Haifa and Jaffa, Palestine; however, the ports would not be placed under joint Jewish-Arab or international control. Crew of B-17 returns to New York. Pilot is arraigned on charges of violating Presidential arms embargo. British protest seizure of oil refinery partly owned by British company. Israel decrees that New City of Jerusalem is Jewish-occupied area. UN Security Council rejects Syrian resolution to ask International Court of Justice for advisory ruling on whether UN has any jurisdiction over Palestine. Arab Legion's and Transjordan's subsidy payments from Britain are restored. Arab legion accepts responsibility for killing of Norwegian UN guard; soldier who shot UN guard is arrested for court-martial, July 1948.
Jews claim snipers responsible for shooting were Arabs. South Africa recognizes Israel. Israeli president Chaim Weizmann visits President Truman where Israeli president is given some hope that U.S. will lift embargo and grant loan. Arab League conference results in rejection of May 22 plea for truce. Arabs demand embargo on arms and men to Israel and propose that new Jewish government suspend operations. President and Mrs. Chaim Weizmann of Israel refuse to visit Britain in protest of British policies, although both are British subjects. Soviet Union opens diplomatic relations with Israel. Sir Alexander Cadogan denies Russian and Jewish charges that the British are running Arab Legion of Transjordan. British had ordered British officers on leave from Legion to withdraw from Palestine. However, they have no control over John Bagot Glubb, commander of Arab Legion, and 15 other Britons serving as Arab Legion officers. Israel claims to have solid hold on Syrian and Lebanese frontiers as result of 'The Broom" operation. In Jerusalem's old city, the long siege ends. King Abdullah of Transjordan lays down terms of surrender. Near Latrun, Palestine, Israeli army and Arab Legion clash. Israelis were trying to supply Jews in modern Jerusalem. UN Security Council makes its sixth attempt to halt war. Russian measure supported by U.S. would have ordered unconditional cease-fire on threat of economic sanctions or military intervention.Measure did not pass, and British resolution was favored. Resolution calls for four-week truce. There is a worldwide embargo of arms to entire Middle East, not only Palestine. No new immigrants can be recruited. Soldiers cannot be imported by Israel or Arabs. Holy shrines will be protected. Both sides must cooperate with Count Folke Bernadotte, UN mediator. Security council will consider action if either side rejects new appeal or violates truce. Israel dislikes new resolution. U.S. protests for second time the detention of 41 Americans from Marine Carp. Prime Minister Clement R. Attlee of Britain denies that there is an Anglo-U.S. rift over Palestine.Israel strikes Arab stronghold Tul Karm-Jenin-Nublus, northeast of Tel Aviv. There is a stalemate around Latrun, Palestine, in the struggle for the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem Road. UN truce talks impede Jerusalem fighting, May 1948.
► 0327 : Israel accepts truce plan under several assumptions: (1) embargo will prevent British from supplying Arabs with stores of British equipment located in the Arab states; (2) lines existing at moment of truce will be held; (3) Jews will be given normal civilian access to Jerusalem; (4) Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria would end efforts to blockade Israel; and (5) Israel will be free to admit any immigrant of any age, provided immigrant is not pressed into military service or training.Arab League meets in Amman, Transjordan, to consider UN truce appeal. City is under air raid. Arab League answers UN concerning truce plan. They make following points: (1) efforts should be made toward Arab-dominated state instead of toward making partition permanent; (2) continued Jewish immigration is threat to Arab countries; and (3) they would help Count Folke Bernadotte and Council's Truce Committee to supervise compliance with cease-fire. King Abdullah declares that Jewish state would never be accepted. Paris el-Khouri, Syrian delegate to UN, is told by the Security Council that both unconditional acceptances would allow Count Bernadotte to fix a time of cease-fire. British foreign minister Ernest Bevin says that Transjordan's Arab Legion had been invited to visit Arab Palestine; there was no invasion.Israel issues cease-fire order but resumes fighting later in the day. Israel is recognized by Hungary. Poland and Israel exchange diplomatic representatives. Egypt shells Caesarea, Algeria.British halt all deliveries of war materials to Arab states, including British stockpiles in Middle East. British also announce that no Jews will be allowed to leave Cyprus. Israel calls this announcement illegal.Former president of General Electric Gerard Swope refuses Award of Honorary Commander of Most Excellent Order of British Empire, in protest against British policy. Israeli warship and planes drive off three Egyptian vessels. Catholic priests of Latin patriarchate in Jerusalem charge that Israelis are turning church institutes into military bases, echoing a similar charge by Christian Union of Palestine. Israel challenges these charges. Franciscan priests announce plans to organize Holy Land militia of international volunteers to protect holy places.Count Folke Bernadotte is authorized to fix a time for cease-fire. Egyptian troops are trapped at Isdud. In a Security Council session, Soviet Union demands that it be allowed to furnish truce observers.Count Folke Bernadotte decides to select observers from U.S., Belgium, France, and Sweden. Count Folke Bernadotte obtains truce by giving ultimatum to Israel and Arab League: if immigration to Israel threatens Arabs, then immigration will be halted; no new troops or war materials will be moved into Palestine; only routine replacements along fronts will be allowed; both sides will suspend warlike actions; relief supplies to Jerusalem and Jaffa, Palestine, will be handled by International Red Cross. Israel and Arabs accept truce, but neither side is satisfied. Israel warns Lebanon not to seize Israel-bound cargoes as they have threatened: Israel would consider this action to be warlike. First truce is called for 30 days as result of UN mediation.At time of truce, Egyptian force is still besieged at Isdud.Latrun, Palestine, struggle is undecided. Jews hold western and southern Jerusalem. Observers report that 5,000 to 10,000 Jews and Arabs have been killed or wounded since May 15. Colonel David Marcus is killed while leading Haganah forces in Jerusalem battle a few hours before cease-fire. He was a member of U.S. delegations to the Teheran, Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta, and Potsdam conferences. Finland recognizes Israel. Rumania recognizes Israel. Arabs and Jews complain of cease-fire violations. Count Folke Bernadotte's organization of 68 observers, the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), is still being assembled. There are plans to hold talks in Rhodes, Greece, to attempt to settle war in four weeks. First Jewish immigrant ship since start of truce arrives in Tel Aviv,Palestine. Men of military age (18 to 45) are sent to Israeli refugee camp. Israel complains of Syrian attacks in eastern Galilee. Fighting fronts, however, are pronounced quiet. UN observers halt landing of 230 motortrucks at Tel Aviv, Palestine,to determine whether they are military imports. Because of embargo, Israel's factories are running overtime. UN Security Council rejects Russian demand that truce observers must come from all Council nations. Egypt charges that Israel fought past deadline to capture 11 villages in southern Palestine. Irgun announces that it has become a political party (Jewish Freedom Movement) in Israel, but that it would continue as an underground military group outside the Jewish state. On Count Folke Bernadotte's request and with Council's approval,UN secretary general Trygve Lie asks all UN and non-UN nations to furnish information concerning number of Jews fit for military service who have traveled to Israel. UN secretary general Trygve Lie recruits 50 volunteers from uniformed guard and other UN departments to be commanded by Lieutenant John Cosgrove. They are nicknamed "Lie's Legion" and "Cosgrove's Lancers." UN volunteers led by Lieutenant John Cosgrove depart for Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte arrives in Rhodes to begin negotiations with Arabs and Jews. Jewish Agency announces that 100 truckloads of fresh food will be sent daily to Jewish Jerusalem during truce. UN Truce Committee plans to inspect cargoes. Haganah learns that Irgun ammunition settlement has landed near Natanya.Israeli troops attack area. In Cairo King Abdullah of Transjordan calls for solidarity of Arab leaders. Irgun tries to land another arms cargo at Tel Aviv, Palestine.Haganah attacks Irgun and sets Altalena afire. James G. McDonald, who was on Anglo-American Palestine Inquiry Committee in 1946, is appointed President Truman's special representative to Israel.Israel names Eliahu Epstein to head Israel delegation to U.S. Menahem Beigin announces that Irgun no longer recognizes Israeli government; he calls David Ben-Gurion "a lunatic dictator." Rabbis Yehuda Leil Fishman and Moshe Shapiro resign from Israeli cabinet. Israeli legislative council gives David Ben-Gurion a vote of confidence for his defense of the truce. Rabbis Yehuda Leil Fishman and Moshe Shapiro withdraw their resignations.The government announces that Irgun rebellion is over. Golda Myerson (later Meir) is appointed by Israel as minister to Soviet Union. Soviet Union names Pavel Ivanovich Yershov as minister to Israel.Egyptian troops menace Jewish food convoy bound for Negba, Palestine. Egyptian pilot fires on UN observation plane.Count Folke Bernadotte wires UN that Egypt has violated truce, and gives Israel permission to fight in Negba. Israel charges that Egypt attacked Kfar Darom near Gaza.Harold Evans, UN neutral mayor of Jerusalem, returns to U.S., announcing he will help Count Folke Bernadotte. Venezuela recognizes Israel. Israeli government receives pledge of allegiance from new Zavah Itaganoh (Army of Defense). Irgun members are rounded up. Irgun promises to give up arms everywhere but Jerusalem. Count Folke Bernadotte submits new peace proposals to Arab League and Israeli government.Freda Kirchwey, president of Nation Associates, tells UN secretary general Trygve Lie and President Truman that King Farouk I of Egypt collaborated with Nazis. U.S. mail service resumes to Israel. Last British troops leave Palestine; Israeli flag goes up. Syria charges that U.S. warship shelled Arab lines at Bruwa, Palestine.Lebanon says charges are not true, June 1948.
► 0928 : Arab army, who never recognized truce, attacks Jews from Nazareth. Egypt allows Jewish food convoy to go to settlements in Negeb. At their meeting, Zionist Organization of America pledges support to Israel. In Nuremberg, expense account of German foreign minister shows that Haj Amin el Husseini, exiled mufti of Jerusalem, and Rashid Ali el Ghailani, former Iraqi premier, were entertained by Germans during World Warll. Count Folke Bernadotte meets with Arabs. Israeli government accuses British of hampering Israel's economic growth by blocking $400 million in Palestine sterling balances without negotiation. King Abdullah says Arabs will rely on arms. Both sides reject Count Bernadotte's peace plan, which called for union of Arab and the Jewish states in Palestine and Transjordan. Each state would have full control over internal and foreign affairs. Immigration would continue fortwo years, after which the Council would rule if economic capacity were being exceeded. Arabs declare that they will never recognize a Jewish state and talk of resuming war. Jews dislike Arab control of Jerusalem and a limit on immigration. Israel announces it is holding Peter Bergson, copresident of American League for a Free Palestine, on charge of "armed resistance" following Altalena incident. Count Folke Bernadotte proposes that Jerusalem and Haifa, Palestine, be given neutral status. Jews agree on demilitarization of Jerusalem, but reject a neutral Haifa. Arabs accept a neutral Haifa, but reject demilitarization of Jerusalem. After both sides' rejections, Bernadotte appeals to the UN Security Council.Dr. Emanuel Neumann is reelected president of Zionist Organization of America. Commandant Rene La Barriere, French officer attached to UN Truce Committee, is killed when his jeep strikes a land mine in Nazareth. UN Security Council appeals to both sides to extend truce. Arab delegation walks out when representative of Israel is seated. Stern Group executes Rosa Beiser on charges of spying for British and Arabs. Haganah convicts one of its air force officers of espionage for British. Irgun kidnaps five Britons on spying charges. Dr. Philip C. Jessup, U.S. representative from UN Security Council, says if Arabs reject truce extension, U.S. will support action against them. Syria replies that they are "ready to be killed by atomic bombs" and Russia. U.S. and French warships take 200 UN observers aboard at Haifa,Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte requests extension of truce, which Arabs reject and Jews accept. Arabs accuse Jews of violating truce, performing continued aggressions, smuggling arms and immigrants, burning Arab villages,and other atrocities. UN security council appeals for truce. Tel Aviv, Palestine, is bombed by Egyptian planes. Israel claims that Egypt struck before truce expired. Arabs and Jews shell Jerusalem. Arab League offers counter proposals to Bernadotte's earlier peace plans.Instead of federal state, Arabs want provisional unitary government which Arabs would control. Minorities would have rights, but new Jewish immigrants would be denied citizenship. Provisional Palestine administration is established, which will deal in essential services in Arab areas but will not be political. Israel uses tanks for first time, capturing the Lydda airfield and Arab Legion stronghold of Wilhelma. It is reported that 35,000 Arab troops and 40,000 Israeli troops are in Palestine. Israel claims that Egypt violated truce on July 7 and 8. An Egyptian order had been found, ordering troop movements. U.S. secretary of state George C. Marshall believes that Arabs are to blame, but he leaves matter to Council. Count Folke Bernadotte leaves Rhodes, Greece, to go to New York and report to UN. It is revealed that Count Bernadotte offered all of Arab Palestine to King Abdullah if he would favor a truce. A B-17 flying fortress of USAF veterans is forced down in Halifax, Nova Scotia. They refuse to give their destination and are sent back to New York. Count Folke Bernadotte reports to Council: Arabs oppose Jewish state and immigration; they will fight to the limit of their capacity; the Jews do not fear Arab threat. Therefore, UN has two alternatives: (1) make it unprofitable for Arabs to war against Jews; or (2) let two sides fight it out. British hold up subsidy payment to Legion pending outcome of UN Security Council debate. Jews capture Lydda and Ramie, Palestine. Fighting occurs in Jerusalem, Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte recommends that sanctions or force be used against any side that persists in waging war. Or. Philip C. Jessup of U.S., favoring Count Bernadotte's ideas, declares that Palestine war is threat to peace. He suggests an unconditional cease-fire within 24 hours in Jerusalem and a truce within three days in Palestine. Truce would continue until a peaceful adjustment was made. Restrictions would be placed on the number of fighting men and weapons. If any side rejects or violates truce, UN Security Council would take action. Norwegian member of UN guards is killed while escorting ambulances. Chief UN observer, Colonel Brunson, says there is complete disregard for UN flag. Jews control Rah el Ain, rail junction which controls Jerusalem, Palestine, water supply. Passengers from Marine Carp arrive in New York from Lebanon. En route to New York, 13 "jump ship."U.S. seizes two Constellations in Millville, New Jersey, forfearthey will be flown to Palestine. Light air raids transpire in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Jerusalem, all in Palestine; Cairo, Egypt; and Damascus, Syria. UN Security Council decides Palestine conflict is menace to world peace.Sanctions or force is threatened. It is the first time in UN history that council invokes article 39, chapter VII of charter. Partial blackout enforced in Egypt. Arabs and Israelis agree to cease-fire. Jews capture Nazareth. London report says Israel is importing German-model fighter planes from Czechoslovakia. Loy Henderson, former director of Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs in U.S. State Department, is appointed ambassador to India by President Truman.Zionists have called Henderson pro-Arab. Joseph Satterthwaite becomes new director of office. Before Jerusalem truce takes effect, Irgun and Stern Group combine to attack Arab-held old city. Fighting ceases in Jerusalem, Palestine. Count Folke Bernadotte leaves for Middle East to resume mediation efforts. Arabs accept cease-fire but oppose indefinite truce. They make the following demands to UN: (1) a complete halt to Jewish immigration; (2) a return of 300,000 Palestinian Arab refugees to their homes in Israeli-held areas; and (3) a time limit to truce. Arabs protest truce outside palace of King Abdullah of Transjordan. The King tells them they should be in army rather than protesting. Arabs blow up pumping station in Latrun, Palestine, halting Jerusalem's water supply. Mob in Cairo, Egypt, stones Stephen Haas, American tourist, to death. Haas, Philadelphia realtor, was active in Jewish affairs but was in Cairo as tourist. B-17 which was forced down in Halifax, Nova Scotia, lands in the Azores. The crew is impounded and will not give their destination, but it is suspected to be Palestine. U.S. embassy protests death of Stephen Haas. Britain demands end to Egyptian attacks on British. It is reported that Israel has claimed possession of 810 square miles of Arab territory. Arabs hold 205 square miles of Jewish territory. Jews put oil refinery in Haifa, Palestine, into operation. Moshe Shertok, Jewish Agency, says Israel is prepared to give Arab countries free use of ports of Haifa and Jaffa, Palestine; however, the ports would not be placed under joint Jewish-Arab or international control. Crew of B-17 returns to New York. Pilot is arraigned on charges of violating Presidential arms embargo. British protest seizure of oil refinery partly owned by British company. Israel decrees that New City of Jerusalem is Jewish-occupied area. UN Security Council rejects Syrian resolution to ask International Court of Justice for advisory ruling on whether UN has any jurisdiction over Palestine. Arab Legion's and Transjordan's subsidy payments from Britain are restored. Arab legion accepts responsibility for killing of Norwegian UN guard; soldier who shot UN guard is arrested for court-martial, July 1948.
Reprodüksiyon Notu
Mikrofilm. Frederick, MD : University Puclications of America (UPA), [t.y.]. 1 mikrofilm makarası : pozitif ; 35 mm. 1945-1949.
Konu
Kurum Adı
United States. Department of State.
University Publications of America (UPA)
University Publications of America (UPA)
